{"id":30258,"date":"2024-03-14T10:31:52","date_gmt":"2024-03-14T17:31:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/?page_id=30258"},"modified":"2025-05-23T22:47:32","modified_gmt":"2025-05-24T05:47:32","slug":"overshoot-impact-of-companies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/","title":{"rendered":"Overshoot impact of companies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><em>Here we explain how the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/what-ecological-footprints-measure\/\">Ecological Footprint<\/a> metric is applied to companies. We: <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/#:~:text=1.%20The%20benefit%20of%20going%20beyond%20carbon%20footprints\">outline<\/a> the rationale for utilizing the biocapacity lens, <\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/#:~:text=2.%20Our%20research%20question%20for%20companies\">define<\/a> the central research question for companies, <\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/#:~:text=3.%20Answering%20the%20question\">spell out<\/a> how to answer this question,<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/#:~:text=open%20up.-,4.%20Data%20needs,-For%20companies%2C%20data\">discuss<\/a> data needs for assessments,<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/#:~:text=5.%20Additional%20complexity%20for%20highly%20integrated%20B2B%20companies\">explain<\/a> the analytical particularities when assessing B2B companies,<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/#:~:text=6.%20Accounting%20Methodologies\">provide<\/a> background on available methods and analytical approach that allow researchers to address this research question, and<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 22px;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/#:~:text=footprintnetwork.org.-,Relevance%20for%20ESG,-Ecological%20Footprint%20accounting\">point<\/a> to a section describing the relevance of such an analysis for ESG.<\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\">1. The benefit of going beyond carbon footprints<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The word \u2018future\u2019 has become next to synonymous with climate change and artificial intelligence.<\/p>\n<p>On the climate side, most perceive the \u201cchallenge&#8221; as a collective choice problem about carbon emissions, characterized by tensions between individual and societal interests. However, the challenge extends beyond carbon emissions, and even more importantly, it largely does not hinge on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/2021\/04\/27\/from-the-tragedy-of-the-commons-to-having-skin-in-the-game\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collective decision-making<\/a>. In fact, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/2021\/04\/27\/from-the-tragedy-of-the-commons-to-having-skin-in-the-game\/\">incentives for responding to overshoot are far more powerful than most imagine<\/a>. Recognizing this self-interest to act has direct, practical <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wackernagel.info\/post\/brief-for-investors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">implications for any investor<\/a>. The implications become even more practical and potent the less others address the problem.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-29904 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/food-systems-eod-2023-blog-banner.jpg\" alt=\"every company uses biocapacity\" width=\"980\" height=\"721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/food-systems-eod-2023-blog-banner.jpg 980w, https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/food-systems-eod-2023-blog-banner-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/food-systems-eod-2023-blog-banner-768x565.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 980px) 100vw, 980px\" \/><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em>Every human activity uses <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/what-biocapacity-measures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biocapacity<\/a>. This competition for biocapacity is what <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/what-ecological-footprints-measure\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ecological Footprint<\/a> accounts track.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Here below are brief explanations of how using a biocapacity lens offers more robust insights than carbon emissions only when analyzing the future-fitness of any entity, including companies.<\/p>\n<p>Certainly, climate change will be part of the package that shapes our future. Just that climate change will inevitably be accompanied by many other environmental pressures. And all these pressures compound. The simple reason is that economies, and all their activities, are in direct competition for what ecosystems can regenerate.<\/p>\n<p>The competition for everything nature can regenerate has become so voracious that, currently, human demand exceeds, by at least <a href=\"https:\/\/data.footprintnetwork.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">70%<\/a>, what Earth\u2019s ecosystems can renew. The ecological consequences are<span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/our-work\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">climate change<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/biodiversity\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">biodiversity<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">loss, pollution, water stress, and food and energy insecurity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This regenerative capacity of the planet, even though it can be overused for some time, is ultimately the overarching material factor that limits everything. Regeneration simultaneously limits:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>fossil fuel use<\/strong> (since the biosphere&#8217;s ability to sequester excess CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions is limiting fossil fuel use more than the remaining stocks underground),<\/li>\n<li><strong>mineral and ores exploitation<\/strong> <strong>extraction<\/strong> (since the impacts of the mining process, not the amount of ores underground, primarily limit access to these materials. Mine explorations and operations inevitably damage ecosystems. Also, it takes energy, often fossil fuels, to dig up, concentrate, and process these materials, requiring biocapacity as well.), and<\/li>\n<li><strong>food and fibers inputs<\/strong>, as well as any other biological product or service economies depend on (since their provision all require regeneration. They are therefore also in competition with the other two uses mentioned above).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hence <a href=\"https:\/\/www.enelgreenpower.com\/learning-hub\/contributors\/energy-transformation-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">regeneration is the unifying theme<\/a> for all materials dependencies of the human economy, from resource input to waste emission. This makes regeneration, which is measured by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/what-biocapacity-measures\/\">biocapacity<\/a>, a broader concern than merely carbon emissions. It becomes a way to connect most environmental &#8220;dots&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\">2. Our research question for companies<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>When studying human dependence on the biosphere, it becomes more insightful and meaningful to analyze it comprehensively. Specifically, this means that any study need to include the relationship of the analyzed entity with the entire biosphere, not just with the local ecosystems. Analyzed entities can be as big as humanity, as small as one toothpick, or anything in between such as a country, a city, or an individual person.<\/p>\n<p>This expanded view of a given human activity on the entire biosphere is significant for two reasons: local gains can be lost (i) by increased impacts elsewhere (displacement effect), and (ii) by more demand stimulated elsewhere (rebound effect).<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, when analyzing companies and their relationship to the biosphere, Global Footprint Network considers the following research questions the most fundamental one:<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wackernagel.info\/post\/brief-for-investors\">central research question<\/a> for companies is: <strong>Per &#8220;unit of business&#8221;, how much is the company increasing or decreasing global overshoot? <\/strong>[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/overshoot-impact-of-companies\/#:~:text=discussed%20here.-,Footnotes,-%5Bnote1%5D%20Comparing\">note1<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>The note at the bottom explains different ways how companies can be scaled to allow for meaningful comparisons. The decrease or increase of global overshoot can be expressed in number of seconds Earth Overshoot Day is moved or in number of global hectares.<\/p>\n<p>Once this question is answered, a whole list of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/strategic-applications-of-the-key-research-question-for-companies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">related questions<\/a> become relevant as well.<\/p>\n<p>This question is fundamental, as it addresses the company&#8217;s relationship with the biosphere comprehensively. Possibly even more importantly, this way of analyzing also links the resource question to companies&#8217; strategic needs. Because companies that can reduce global overshoot while expanding are well positioned to gain in value as that predictable future of climate change and resource constraints manifests. Therefore, understanding one&#8217;s resource exposure becomes a central parameter of a company&#8217;s long-term value and is therefore essential input to any business strategy.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\">3. Answering the question<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The research question can be addressed from two angles: <em>where would global overshoot be if the company did not exist? Or the question could be asked inversely: where would global overshoot be if the company<\/em>\u00a0<em>doubled?<\/em> Answering the latter one should give the same answer, in the negative, of answering the first.<\/p>\n<p>There are three main components that make up a company\u2019s contribution to global overshoot due to its existence. (To illustrate, we use as an example a household appliance producer and a PV panel producer).<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Demand for producing the company&#8217;s offering:<\/strong> Companies produce goods or services. We could call that their offering. This piece therefore captures the company\u2019s and its supply chain\u2019s use of resources and energy which are all required to produce or provide their offering (e.g., electric food mixers, PV panels).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Demand for using the company&#8217;s offerings over their life cycle:<\/strong> These are the energy and resources the company&#8217;s offering uses over its lifetime, once delivered (e.g., electricity used over the lifetime of the company&#8217;s food mixer, or the energy and resources needed to maintain the PV panel).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Displaced resource demand:<\/strong> These are the resources and energy embodied in the goods and services that the company offering is displacing (e.g., displacement of less efficient mixers; displacement of carbon intensive electricity with PV generated electricity).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Once this initial research question is answered, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/strategic-applications-of-the-key-research-question-for-companies\/\">many more applications for business analytics open up<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\">4. Data needs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>For companies, data for <em><strong>(1) demand of production <\/strong><\/em>is typically available. Since most companies are predominantly energy based, with fossil fuel making up a high percentage of their input, a first approximation builds on information that scope 1-2-3 for carbon data can typically deliver. Companies with other significant physical inputs beyond fossil fuel, such as <span style=\"font-size: 1.125rem;\">timber companies, furniture companies, paper companies, food companies, or water utilities, would also need to include those aspects into their assessment. Many of those <\/span>data points are typically available from company reports.<\/p>\n<p>Further, to make the analysis comparable, one also needs to know the company\u2019s contribution to GDP. This allows to show for every company how much demand on ecosystems they make per dollar value added.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>(2) Demand for using the product or service over life cycle <\/strong><\/em> requires data and information about what goods and services the company delivers, and what percentage of revenue comes from which product. Using Life-Cycle-Assessment (LCA) data, or technical data from company if available, allows us to estimate lifecycle requirements of services and products. If the company is large and has multitudes of different products, such analysis will become labor intensive.<\/p>\n<p>For <em><strong>(3) Displaced resource demand<\/strong><\/em>, it takes a market analysis to understand what these products and services displace. In some cases, using reasonable assumptions will be unavoidable. One would have to identify who the competitors of the product and services are, and how they compare in resource intensity per unit of product.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\">5. Additional complexity for highly integrated B2B companies<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>To follow every value chain of highly integrated companies, feeding various supply chains of other companies, becomes analytically taxing.<\/p>\n<p>As a first approximation, one can consider their products and service as if it was a final product. For example, take a power company selling kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity. To simplify the analysis, this electricity could be treated as a final product, independently of what these kilowatt-hours then are ultimately used for. Or financial services. If the assumption holds that the product is indistinguishable from other financial services, then the demand of that activity would be equal to the industry averages as determined with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/resources\/mrio\/\">MRIO assessments<\/a>. If the financial services are focusing on (measurably) more sustainable investments, then one can assess the performance of those investments compared to market averages. Or if a mechanical parts company delivers parts strictly to windmill companies, versus one that delivers strictly to combustion cars, that difference in life-cycle resource use then allows analysts to estimate the difference of their overall demand (displacement effect).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\">6. Accounting Methodologies<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/what-ecological-footprints-measure\/\">Ecological Footprint<\/a> accounting is well-documented. With many thousands of academic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/resources\/journal-articles\/\">journal articles<\/a>, including from Global Footprint Network staff.<\/p>\n<p>The principles are simple and transparent, essentially mapping human competition for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/what-biocapacity-measures\/\">biocapacity<\/a>. Hence <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/what-ecological-footprints-measure\/\">Ecological Footprint<\/a> accounts add up all the mutually exclusive parts in a common unit, global hectares. A short explanation of these principles is provided <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/7\/2164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>. The supplementary information of this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41893-021-00708-4\"><em>Nature<\/em> publication<\/a> gives a more detailed introduction.<\/p>\n<p>The reference calculations for any analysis are the ones at the country level scale. They are called National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fodafo.org\/\">Footprint Data Foundation<\/a>, in collaboration with <a href=\"https:\/\/footprint.info.yorku.ca\/\">York University<\/a>, Toronto, now produces them annually. This venture is independent from Global Footprint Network to insure neutrality and robustness. Results are available <a href=\"https:\/\/data.footprintnetwork.org\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Ecological Footprint standards (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.footprintstandards.org\">www.footprintstandards.org<\/a>), published in 2009, outline how subnational calculations, including for companies, are kept consistent with the national results. This enhances every assessment&#8217;s comparability and consistency.<\/p>\n<p>The MRIO (or multi-regional input output) assessment is a powerful tool to break down national results into subcomponents. They are explained <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/resources\/mrio\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>While anybody who has studied the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/our-work\/ecological-footprint\/\">Ecological Footprint principles<\/a> can do their own Ecological Footprint assessments, to make them consistent requires sticking carefully to the Ecological Footprint standards. Ecological Footprint assessments are similar, but more comprehensive, than carbon assessments. LCA (or Life-Cycle Assessments) provide useful input data for product or service Ecological Footprints. It is also possible to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/our-work\/our-offerings\/\">hire Global Footprint Network<\/a> for high-quality analyses in support of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/our-work\/how-we-work-with-clients\/\">transformative applications<\/a>. For inquiries contact <a href=\"mailto:info@footprintnetwork.org\">info@footprintnetwork.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\">7. Relevance for ESG<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/what-ecological-footprints-measure\/\">Ecological Footprint<\/a> accounting does not necessarily cater to international reporting initiatives. Rather it follows its own fundamental research question. The relevance of Ecological Footprint accounting for new standards, particularly the European directive, are discussed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.footprintnetwork.org\/esrs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #276092;\">Footnotes<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\">[note1] <strong>Comparing the size of companies.<\/strong> To compare the performance of companies, results need to be scaled proportional to the size of the company. Three obvious ways to scale them are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Comparison based on market value.<\/strong> For publicly traded companies, this can be approximated by their market capitalization, i.e., the value the market assigns to the company. The key question then becomes: <strong data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"612\">How much does the company decrease (or increase) global ecological overshoot per million USD of market capitalization? <\/strong>This perspective is likely most relevant for investors, who may want to understand the resource impact of their investments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Comparison based on the value added.<\/strong> This refers to the company&#8217;s contribution to GDP: its revenues minus the cost of purchased inputs. For example, if a company buys cars, paints them, and resells them, the value added is the difference between the selling price of the painted cars and the purchase price of the unpainted ones. This figure is typically less than total revenues. Value added closely aligns with the sum of a company\u2019s wages, taxes, and profits. The key question here becomes: <strong data-start=\"1274\" data-end=\"1367\">How much does the company decrease (or increase) global overshoot per USD of value added? <\/strong>This approach may be most relevant for economic planners, as it helps assess the resource intensity of specific economic sectors or national strategies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Comparison based on net profits.<\/strong> This frames the question as: <strong>How much does the company decrease (or increase) global overshoot per USD of net profit?<\/strong> This lens is likely most relevant for business owners and managers, as it reveals how much ecological pressure is associated with generating profits.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here we explain how the Ecological Footprint metric is applied to companies. We: outline the rationale for utilizing the biocapacity lens, define the central research question for companies, spell out how to answer this question, discuss data needs for assessments, explain the analytical particularities when assessing B2B companies, provide background on available methods and analytical [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"class_list":["post-30258","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Overshoot impact of companies - Global Footprint Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How to link companies&#039; activities to global overshoot. 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